Volume 8, No. 2 
April 2004

 
  Aiwei Shi

 
 
Front Page  
 
 
Select one of the previous 27 issues.

 

  From the Editor
A Unique Resource
by Gabe Bokor

 
Index 1997-2004

 
  Translator Profiles
The Dinosaur Hunter's Tale
by Ingrid Gillmeier

 
  The Profession
The Bottom Line
by Fire Ant & Worker Bee

 
In Memoriam
In Memoriam: Alicia Gordon—1950 - 2004
by Robert Killingsworth
 
In Memoriam: Emilio Benito—1947 - 2004
by Danilo Nogueira

 
  Translation Nuts and Bolts
Navigating through Treacherous Waters: The Translation of Geographical Names
by Gilberto Castañeda-Hernández, Ph.D.

 
  Science & Technology
English ⇔ Spanish Maritime Glossary
by Ana Lopez Pampin and Iria Gonzalez Liaño

 
  Legal Translation
Réflexions sur la traduction des formes de sociétés
by Benjamin Heyden

 
  Biomedical Translation
Características del discurso biomédico y su estructura: el caso de las Cartas al director
Esther Vázquez y del Árbol, Ph.D.
 
Translating SOPs in a Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Environment
by Anne Catesby Jones

 
  Literary Translation
The Translator's Dilemma—Implicatures and the role of the translator
by Antar Solhy Abdellah
 
Bridging the Cultural Divide: Lexical Barriers and Translation Strategies in English Translations of Modern Japanese Literature
by James Hobbs

 
  Interpretation
His Excellency and His Interpreter
by Danilo Nogueira
 
Some Advice on Preparing for Simultaneous Interpretation of Current Political Themes
by Igor Maslennikov
 
Bibliography on the Profession of Interpretation
by Heltan Y.W. Ngan, Ph.D.

 
  Translator Education
To Be a Good Translator
by Leila Razmjou
 
The Importance of Teaching Cohesion in Translation on a Textual Level
by Aiwei Shi

 
  Book Review
The Talking Parcel Learns to Speak Russian
by Mark Hooker
   
Science in Translation
by Beverly Adab, Ph.D.

   
  Translators' Tools
Translators’ Emporium

 
  Caught in the Web
Web Surfing for Fun and Profit
by Cathy Flick, Ph.D.
 
Translators’ On-Line Resources
by Gabe Bokor

 
Translators’ Events

 
Call for Papers and Editorial Policies
  Translation Journal


Translator Education

 
 

The Importance of Teaching Cohesion in Translation on a Textual Level

—A Comparison of test scores before and after teaching

by Aiwei Shi (石爱伟)



Abstract:

The article discusses the importance of teaching cohesion in translation on the textual level. Test scores for a school year of Class One before and after teaching are compared to illustrate the point.

Key words: cohesion, central tendency, standard deviation.


I. The importance of the knowledge of cohesion


ach language has its own patterns to convey the interrelationships of persons ad events; in no language may these patterns be ignored, if the translation is to be understood by its readers (Callow,1974:30). The topic of cohesion ... has always appeared to be the most useful constituent of discourse analysis or text linguistics applicable to translation. (Newmark,1987:295)


II. What is cohesion

Cohesion is the network of lexical, grammatical, and other relations which link various parts of a text.
Cohesion is the network of lexical, grammatical, and other relations which link various parts of a text. These relations or ties organize and, to some extent, create a text, for instance, by requiring the reader to interpret words and expressions by reference to other words and expressions in the surrounding sentences and paragraphs. Cohesion is a surface relation and it connects together the actual words and expressions that we can see or hear.

Halliday and Hasan identify five main cohesive devices in English: reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction, and lexical cohesion.


III. Hypothesis

As is well-known, Chinese and English belong to different language families, and it is only natural that they may pose great difficulties and challenges for translators, especially for beginners such as my students. The formal and serious teaching of cohesion might to a great extent enhance the students' consciousness in translating between the two languages.


IV. Description of the experiment

  1. Participants
  2. The participants in the experiment were the third-year students in Xinzhou Teachers' College, where I was appointed by the department to teach the course of Translation (theory and practice).

  3. Method
  4. Although I had been reading translation literature rather extensively, I noticed a high proportion of it was of theoretical nature and thus was not very helpful or valuable to my students none of whom were interested in pure theoretical study. They showed their earnest interest in my teaching them skills rather than theories. So I had to put more efforts to meet their needs or I would certainly feel frustrated by their unrewarding feedback. I pondered the possible reasons and finally came to the conclusion that teaching textual cohesion might substantially improve their translation. This was what motivated me.

    At the beginning of the second semester of their third year I put more emphasis on structural and systematic comparison between Chinese and English in phonological, lexical, syntactical and contextual aspects with a little practice as exercises, especially on cohesion, and then I spent some time evaluating and assessing their assignment. After a four and a half months the semester came to an end as usual and I produced the test paper on the same level in terms of difficulty. The test went smoothly because I did my best to organize it carefully and strictly and graded the students' work fairly just like the last time. Then I retrieved from my files the records of Class One's test scores from the previous semester (when textual cohesion was not taught) and compared them with those from the second semester. I obtained the following results.

  5. Results

Table 1. Scores for Class One, End of 2nd Semester

67

63

78

88

72

63

60

91

69

65

66

81

78

62

75

80

74

60

59

61

89

75

79

57

71

77

69

72

70

73

80

79

66

76

62

66


Table2. Scores for Class One, End of 1st Semester

76

75

75

68

71

67

64

74

68

60

65

61

59

61

74

62

70

81

70

89

66

70

77

61

76

64

65

63

63

54

72

52

68

86

64

64

 

Table 3. A contrast of the central tendency between the two cases

Mode

Median

Mean

2nd

66

71.5

71.47

1st

68

68

68.32

In terms of deviation, another table can be produced.

Table 4. A contrast of deviation between the two cases

2nd

1st

Variance

66.58

75.14

Standard

Deviation

8.16

8.67

 

The relationship between the variance and the standard deviation is that the standard deviation is the square root of the variance. The standard deviation is one of the most important statistical measures. It indicates the typical amount by which values in the data set differ from the mean and no data summary is complete until all relevant standard deviations have been calculated. So Table 4 shows that the standard deviation of after the second semester is smaller than that before which means after is better than before, not the opposite.


V. Analysis

The term reference is traditionally used in semantics for the relationship that exists between a word and what it points to in the real world. The reference of "chair" would therefore be a particular chair that is being identified on a particular occasion. In Halliday and Hasan's model of cohesion, reference is used in a similar but more restricted way. Instead of denoting a direct relationship between words and extra-linguistic objects, reference is limited here to the relationship of identity which exists between two linguistic expressions. For example, in

Mrs. Thatcher has resigned. She announced her decision this morning.

The pronoun she points to Mrs. Thatcher within the textual world itself. Reference, in the textual rather than the semantic sense, occurs when the reader has to retrieve the identity of what is being talked about by referring to another expression in the immediate context. The resulting cohesion lies in the continuity of reference, whereby the same thing enters into the discourse a second time.

So, reference is a device which allows the reader or hearer to trace participants, entities, events, etc. in a text.

Substitution and ellipsis, unlike reference, are grammatical rather than semantic relationships. In substitution, an item is replaced by another item:

Do you like movies?

I do.

In the above example, do is a substitute for like movies. Items commonly used in substitution in English include do, one, and the same.

Ellipsis involves the omission of an item. In other words, in ellipsis, an item is replaced by nothing. This is a case of leaving something unsaid which is nevertheless understood. It does not include every instance in which the hearer or reader has to supply missing information, but only those cases where the grammatical structure itself points to an item or items that can fill the slot in question. Here is an example:

Joan brought some carnations, and Catherine some sweet peas. (brought in second clause is ellipted.)

Conjunction involves the use of formal markers to relate sentences, clauses and paragraphs to each other. Unlike reference, substitution, and ellipsis, the use of conjunction does not instruct the reader to supply missing information either by looking for it elsewhere in the text or by filling structural slots. Instead, conjunction signals the way the writer wants the reader to relate what is about to be said to what has been said before. Conjunction expresses one of a small number of general relations are summarized below, with examples of conjunctions which can or typically realize each relation.

a. additive: and, or also, in addition, furthermore, besides, similarly, likewise, by contrast, for instance;

b. adversative: but, yet, however, instead, on the other hand, nevertheless at any rate, as a matter of fact;

c. causal: so, consequently, it follows, for, because, under the circumstances, for this reason;

d. continuatives: now, of course, well, anyway, surely, after all.

Lexical cohesion refers to the role played by the selection of vocabulary in organizing relations within a text. A given lexical item cannot be said to have a cohesive function per se, but any lexical item can enter into a cohesive relation with other items in a text. It can be said that lexical cohesion covers any instance in which the use of a lexical item recalls the sense of an earlier one. Halliday and Hasan divide lexical cohesion into two main categories: reiteration and collocation. Reiteration, as the name suggests, involves repetition of lexical items. A reiterated item may be a repetition of an earlier item, a synonym or near-synonym, a super-ordinate, or a general word. For example:

There is a boy climbing that tree.

The boy is going to fall if he doesn't take care. (repetition)

The lad's going to fall if he doesn't take care. (synonym)

The child's going to fall if he doesn't take care. (superordinate)

The idiot's going to fall if he doesn't take care. (general word)

Reiteration is not the same as reference, however, because it does not necessarily involve the same identity.

Collocation, as a subclass of lexical cohesion in Halliday and Hasan's model, covers any instance which involves a pair of lexical items that are associated with each other in the language in some way.

Halliday and Hasan offer the following types of association as examples, but admit that there are other instances where the association between lexical items cannot readily be given a name but is nevertheless felt to exist.

Various kinds of appositeness of meaning: e.g. boy/girl; love/hate; order/obey.

Associations between pairs of words from the same ordered series: e.g. Tuesday /Thursday; August/December; dollar/cent.

Associations between pairs of words from unordered lexical sets:

Part-whole relations: car/break; body/arm; bicycle/wheel.

Part-part relations: mouth/chin; verse/chorus;

Co-hyponymy: red/green(color); chair/table(furniture).

Associations based on a history of co-occurrence(collocation proper) e.g. rain, pouring, torrential, wet; hair, comb, curl, wave; etc.

Lexical cohesion is not a relation between pairs of words as the above discussion might suggest. On the contrary, lexical cohesion typically operated though lexical chains( such as socialism, communist, East) More examples are omitted for consideration of space.


VI. Application in Translation

As is well-known, Chinese and English belong to different language families, and it is only natural that they may pose great difficulties and challenges for experienced translators, let alone beginners such as my students.

Cohesion may be the most challenging area between the two languages. The above only describes the tools for cohesion in English, for no thorough studies have been conducted in Chinese.

The conscious and purposeful application of cohesion tools to translation practice has been proved of great use in English-Chinese translation in my class, while the Chinese-English translator faces different types of challenge and therefore may need different tools, which will be discussed in a separate article.


Reference

Baker, Mona: 1992. In other words: A Coursebook on Translation. Routledge Publishing House. UK

Woods, Anthony, et al. 1986. Statistics in Language Studies. Cambridge University Press. UK.

韩宝成:2000《外语教学科研中的统计方法》。北京: 外语教学与研究出版社.

Snell- Hornby, M. (1985) 'Translating as a means of integrating language teaching and linguistics', in C. Titford and A.E.Hieke(eds)Translation in Foreign Language Teaching and Testing, Tubingen: